Trends




Vaccine development has several trends:

  • Until recently,when? most vaccines were aimed at infants and children, but adolescents and adults are increasingly being targeted.
  • Combinations of vaccines are becoming more common; vaccines containing five or more components are used in many parts of the world.
  • New methods of administering vaccines are being developed,when? such as skin patches, aerosols via inhalation devices, and eating genetically engineered plants.
  • Vaccines are being designed to stimulate innate immune responses, as well as adaptive.
  • Attempts are being made to develop vaccines to help cure chronic infections, as opposed to preventing disease.
  • Vaccines are being developed to defend against bioterrorist attacks such as anthrax, plague, and smallpox.
  • Appreciation for sex and pregnancy differences in vaccine responses "might change the strategies used by public health officials".
  • Scientists are now trying to develop synthetic vaccines by reconstructing the outside structure of a virus, this will help prevent vaccine resistance.

Principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor-made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders. For example, the experimental vaccine CYT006-AngQb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure. Factors that affect the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, demographics, regulatory science, political, cultural, and social responses.

Plants as bioreactors for vaccine production

Transgenic plants have been identified as promising expression systems for vaccine production. Complex plants such as tobacco, potato, tomato, and banana can have genes inserted that cause them to produce vaccines usable for humans. Bananas have been developed that produce a human vaccine against hepatitis B. Another example is the expression of a fusion protein in alfalfa transgenic plants for the selective directioning to antigen presenting cells, therefore increasing vaccine potency against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV).

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Production

Image
Vaccine production has several stages. First, the antigen itself is generated. Viruses are grown either on primary cells such as chicken eggs (e.g., for influenza) or on continuous cell lines such as cultured human cells (e.g., for hepatitis A). Bacteria are grown in bioreactors (e.g., Haemophilus influenzae type b). Likewise, a recombinant protein derived from the viruses or bacteria can be generated in yeast, bacteria, or cell cultures. After the antigen is generated, it is isolated from the cells used to generate it. A virus may need to be inactivated, possibly with no further purification required. Recombinant proteins need many operations involving ultrafiltration and column chromatography. Finally, the vaccine is formulated by adding adjuvant, stabilizers, and preservatives as needed. The adjuvant enhances the immune response of the antigen, stabilizers increase the storage life, and preservatives allow the use of multidose vials. Combination vaccines are harder to develop and ...
Read more

Types

Image
Vaccines contain dead or inactivated organisms or purified products derived from them. There are several types of vaccines in use. These represent different strategies used to try to reduce the risk of illness while retaining the ability to induce a beneficial immune response. Inactivated Some vaccines contain inactivated, but previously virulent, micro-organisms that have been destroyed with chemicals, heat, or radiation. Examples include the IPV polio vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine, rabies vaccine and most influenza vaccines. Attenuated Some vaccines contain live, attenuated microorganisms. Many of these are active viruses that have been cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties, or that use closely related but less dangerous organisms to produce a broad immune response. Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, mumps, and rubella, and the bacterial disease typhoid. The ...
Read more

10)Republic Day Parade 2019: Indias rich cultural diversity on display at Rajpath; ten features

India Republic Day -- On Indias 70th Republic Day time Saturday the annual march in the national capital showcased the countrys rich ethnical heritage and traditions. Often the central theme of the tableaux displayed was Mahatma Gandhi as 2019 marks all four of his 150th labor and birth anniversary. The might with the Indian military was with full display and in specific womens power. Before the march celebrations kicked off using Prime Minister Narendra Modi paying homage to the martyrs by laying a flower wreath at Amar Jawan Jyoti. At Rajpath the top Minister received President Random access memory Nath Kovind and Southern region Africas President Cyril Ramaphosa who was the Chief Guest on Indias Republic Day 2019 event. President Kovind hoisted the tricolour as the country wide anthem played and a 21-gun salute was fired by seven cannons of 2281 Field Regiment. Republic Day time Parade 2019 * Assam Rifles tableau: Participating in typically the Republic Day parade the first tim...
Read more